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Johann Andreas Eisenmenger
Johann Andreas Eisenmenger (Mannheim, 1654 – Heidelberg, December 20, 1704) was a German Orientalist from the Electoral Palatinate, now best known as the author of ''Entdecktes Judenthum'' (''Judaism Unmasked'').
==Studies rabbinical literature==
The son of an official in the service of the Elector of the Electoral Palatinate Charles I Louis (who had, in 1673, offered Spinoza a chair in philosophy at Heidelberg), Eisenmenger received a good education, despite the early loss of his father to plague when he was 12 years old. He distinguished himself at the Collegium Sapientiae at Heidelberg by his zeal for Hebrew studies and Semitic languages. He eventually mastered Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic. He was sent by the Elector to England and Holland to pursue his studies there. He studied rabbinical literature with Jewish assistance for some 19 years both at Heidelberg and Frankfort-on-the-Main, under the pretense, it was rumoured,〔Jacob Katz,(''From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, 1700-1933,'' Harvard University Press, 1984 p.14 )〕 of wishing to convert to Judaism.〔Gotthard Deutsch, ("Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas" ), ''()'', 1901–1906.〕〔Heinrich Graetz,''History of the Jews,'' vol.5, 1895 p.187:'Eisenmenger belonged to the class of inscts which sucks poison even out of flowers. In confidential converse with Jew, pretending that he desired to be converted to Judaism, and in the profound study of their literature, which he learned from them, he sought only the dark side of both.'〕 In Holland he established amicable relations with figures like Rabbi David ben Aryeh Leib of Lida,〔Michael L.Rodkinson,''History of the Talmud,'' (1903) New Talmud Pub.Co., New York 1918. Vol.1, Ch.XVI p.104〕 formerly of Lithuania, and then head of the Ashkenazi community in Amsterdam. An intended sojourn in Palestine was interrupted by the death of his sponsor in 1680, who died in August of that year.
Later scholars cite two episodes during his sojourn in Amsterdam, which may or may not be apocryphal, to account for the formation of his anti-Judaic outlook. It is said that he was a witness, in 1681, to "otherwise unknown" attacks against Christianity by a senior rabbi there, identified as David Lida,〔 and that he grew indignant on finding that three Christians he met had had themselves circumcised and converted to Judaism.〔〔Anton Theodor Hartmann, ''Johann Andreas Eisenmenger und seine jüdischen Gegner''(1834) cited by Jens Koch, 'Johann Andreas Eisenmenger: sein Werk und dessen Wirkung', Projekt in der Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel, 1997 p.10〕 Anti-Christian polemics were, uniquely to Europe, published in Amsterdam and Eienmenger's anger was aroused when Lida quoted Rabbi Isaiah ben Abraham Horowitz to the effect that the archangel Samael, king of the devils, was a celestial representation of Christians.〔Elisheva Carlebach,'"Ich will dich nach Holland schicken . .": Amsterdam and the Reversion to Judaism of German-Jewish Converts,' in Martin Mulsow, Richard Henry Popkin (eds.) (''Secret conversions to Judaism in early modern Europe,'' ) Brill, 2004 pp.51-69 pp.62-63〕
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